Compendium Reviiew Reproduction/human life cycle

Reproduction: human life cycle, meiosis-egg and sperm, fetal development and birth
Events of human life cycle- meosis, fertilization, fetal development, birth, childhood/adolecents, adulthood, aging, death


This is a picture of the male reproductive organs.
Testes- produce sperm and sex hormones
Epididymides- ducts where sperm mature and some sperm are stored
Vasa deferentia- conduct and store sperm
Seminal vesicles- contribute nutrients and fluid to semen
Prostate gland- contribute fluid to semen
Urethra- Conducts sperm
Bulbourethral glands- contribute mucus- containing fluid to semen
penis- organ of sexual intercourse

Where does meiosis happen?
Tissues of testes is full of seminiferous tubules, in wall of tubules, stem cells that give rise to sperm are constantly undergoing meiosis, sperm are then collected in epididymis, sperm are then ejaculated

Vasectomy-Vas deferens is cut, semen production and ejaculation are as before, sperm can not travel through epididymis, unjaculated sperm is reabsorbed





This is a picture of the female reproductive organs:
Ovaries- produce eggs and sex hormones
Oviducts- conduct eggs, location of fertilization
Uterus- houses developing fetus
Cervix- contains opening to uterus
Vagina- recieves penis during sexual intercourse, serves as birth canal, and as an exit for menstrual flow

Where does meiosis happen?
Occurs in ovaries, phase one in fetal ovary, 1 egg per month menstrual cycle, egg bursts through wall of ovary to be taken up into fallopian tube, phase 2 occurs the moment egg is fertilized, if pregnancy occurs no menstruation

Birth Control Options: hormone skin patch, depo-provera, diaphragm, female and male condoms, oral conception

Sexually transmitted diseases STDs
Viral diseases- cannot be treated with antibiotics but there are a few antivirals, HIV, genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis
Bacterial diseases- can be treated wiht antibiotics chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphillis

Hepatitis- an infection of the liver by one of 6 viruses Hep A, B, C, D, E, G
Hep B is the most commonly sexually transmitted hep. transmitted through sexual contact and by contaminated blood, can lead to liver failure, vaccines available for Hep A and B

Other common infections of the Reproductive tract:
Bacterial Vaginosis-(BV) accounts for 50% of vaginitis in american women, caused by a disruption of the normal flora in the vagina leading to an overgrowth of certain bacteria
Trichomoniosis- caused by protozoan can cause frothy discharge with fowl smell and itching
Candidiasis- an overgrowth of normal yeast int he vagina, charecterized by tissue that is red, inflamed, itchy, sometimes white curdy discharge as well, birth control and antibiotics make women more prone to overgrowth of yeast.

Preventing transmission of STDs
abstinence, long term monogamous relationships, being aware of partners past sex life, drug use, practice safer sex, condoms, limit drug use and alcohol

Fertilization and implantation:
Approximatly one week to implantation , no growth just mitosis producing smaller cells, ectopic pregnancy fertilized egg implants but not in uterine walls



This is a picture of the stages of fetal development:



Early embryonic development- basic body plan laid down, no organs formed, placenta develops, very little growth fetus tiny
From fetus to adult- fetal germ layers destined to become specific adult strucure, overall body reflects early fetal form

Pregancy changes in female anatomy- shift in organs, bladder/rectum pushed superiorly, squeezed change in urination, stomach compressed, eat more often less at each meal, immune response may change, appetite, postural changes to comensate for anterior weight, breast enlarge

Birthing, cultures, and children
There are many different approaches to the birthing process and child raising that is what makes up our human population

Unit 4 Self Evaluation

REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I was really proud of my quizes and final lab project!
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
I am still haveing trouble placing the pictures right on my blogs and spacing
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I really enjoyed this unit i had some technical difficulty with my computer this week after all the power outages in the area so unfortunatly I didn't get all my assignments submitted and lost some material. For the work I did submitt I would give myself a B.
4. How could I perform better in the next unit? Prepare myself for the worst and technical difficulties. With my computer down and me working I wasn't able to get access to a computer until tonight because I am working when the library and college is open so I really need to have an emergancy back up when taking online classes.


REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
I really enjoyed learning about the birthing process and different stages

At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course? power outages!

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful? I found during the course as a whole the instructor was very good about answering any questions needed and in a timely manner

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing? none really!

What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.) I really thought we evolved from the ape! It was funny for me to read this section because I had it all wrong! At least I got it cleared up!

Unit 4 Lab Project Species

In this lab I will be listing 20 species that I might interact with on a typical day.

First is Humans-Homo Sapiens

Symbiotic, domesitcated, we love spending time with each other

Apricot- Prunus armeniaca, mutualistic, can be domesticated

We water the tree and benefit with eating the fuit produced, although an apricot tree can grow in the wild and survive

Horse- Equus Caballus, mutualistic/symbiotic, can be domesticated or wild we provide shelter and feed the horses and they provide us with transportation, we also offer each other companionship

Butterfly-Danaus Plexippus, commensal can be domesticated and used for polinating

Fly-Musca Domestica, commensal because they decompose

Angel's Trumpet Flower-Datura innoxia, can be domesticated cemmensal we take care and water flower and enjoy the presence of them and there scent

Peach- Prunus Persica, mutualistic, can be domesticated

we take care of trees by fertilizing and watering them and then we benefit from the fruit produced

Saguaro Cactus- carnegiea gigantea

commensal can be domesticated even though a lot of these cactus grow in the wild, we have started growing them for landscape purposes

Dog- Canis Lupis Familiaris, mutualistic/symbiotic, domesticated

we provide the dog food, water,and shelter and they provide us with there companionship

Dust mite- dermatophagagoides farinea, parasitic, not domesticated, feed off dead skin cells

Cat- Felis Catus, mutualistic, most domesticated

Cow- bovidae, commensal used for food, mostley domesticated

Chicken-gallus domesticus, commensal used for food, mostly domesticated

Fish- aquatic vertabrates, commensal used for food, some domesticated some not

Ant- solenopsis invicta, predation seed food dead or alive, not doemsticated

Cockroach- periplaneta americana, parasitic, not domesticated

Cricket- insecta, orthoptera, parasitic, not domesticated

Tomato- Solanum lycopersioum, mutualistic/symbiotic, used for food, domesticated

Roses- genus rosa, commensal, domesticated

Apples- malus domestica, mutualistic/symbiotic used for food, can be domesticated

Dandruff- pityriais capitis, commensal, not domesticated

Head lice- pediculosis capitis- parasitic, not domesticated

Ethical Issue Essay: Lets get Moving!

The ethical Issue for this unit is on being healthy and living a healthy lifestyle. Unfortunatly our society is going through an obesity crisis. There are a lot of different factors to this and why this is happening. What we need to do is think of ways to change this and get our society moving!
Looking at the different websites and seeing what other areas of the world are doing to create a healthy enviroment really go me thinking. In scottland they have really focused on making there economy user friendly so the people can walk and cycle to work, school, and shopping. In Camino Island they have the Camino in Motion which has different guides organizing physical activities for the people. The guides even go on walks with groups three times a week. In Japan they have fun in seven which targets the children in secondary education. The program tries to intill in the children the importance of being healthy, eating healthy, and being physically active. All of these programs are great I really think the fun in seven is going to really work because if you teach children at a young age it becomes there lifestyle. I also enjoyed the why is exercise wise website. The website really showed how exercising really can impact your life and change you. The website listed some reasons to exercise they are it causes the body to produce endorphines which causes people to be more happy and peaceful, helps some people sleep better, gives a sense of accomplishment, health, keeping fit, lowers risk of diseases and health problems, and helps people to age better.
I really enjoyed all these websites and learned something from each one. Living in Arizona sometimes it is hard to be as active as other places in the world because of the heat. Also living in small towns we don't have the indoor facilities that the cities have. That is why it is important for us to find something that works for us. Even though we may have to get up extra early to enjoy the outdoors it is really worth it. Also taking classes at the college is really a fun way to get in your physical activity they offer everything from arobics, weight lifting, dance classes, and kickboxing. I also think that we as a society really need to start teaching our children the importance of being healthy and how to live a healthy lifestyle. Which means we need to be the examples for our young children and live healthy lifestyles. I like to take the children at my church on hiking trips. We leave really early in the morning, pack a lunch, and usually swim for a while if there is water near by. They love it and it gets them outdoors and moving!
I have been considering relocating after school because of the heat and not being able to enjoy the outdoors as much as other areas. I went to California and the people there are so active because the weather is so nice. The cost of living there is outragous compared to here but it might have to be something to consider because I love the outdoors. Once I finish school I will have to decide where I want to live and out way the goods and bads of each area.

In this lab we are to create a model of a moving limb with neuron triggering muscle to pull bone and make a joint move. The supplies I used are playdough, styrophome ball and tube, and fuzzy wire sticks.

1.





Materials in picture one







2.


picture two shows you the limb and has labeled the parts.









3.
In this picure you can see the muscles that are attached to the bone. The femur is covered with the quadricep muscles and hamstring muscles. The quadricep is the muscle that straigtens the leg at knee and raises the thigh. The hamstring is at the back of the femur and allows the knee to bend at the thigh. Also there is the sartorius which raises and laterally rotates the thigh allowing movement such as kicking a soccer ball. As you can see the knee is a synovial joint so it is freely movable. I wasn't able to show in my diagram how complex the knee really is but I did visit a really good website that went into a lot of detail on the knee.

What Are the Major Structures of the Knee? What Do They Do?
The knee joint works like a hinge to bend and straighten the lower leg. It permits a person to sit, stand, and pivot. The knee is composed of the following parts.

Structures of the Knee
Bones and Cartilage
The knee joint is the junction of three bones -- the femur (thigh bone or upper leg bone), the tibia (shin bone or larger bone of the lower leg), and the patella (kneecap). The patella is about 2 to 3 inches wide and 3 to 4 inches long. It sits over the other bones at the front of the knee joint and slides when the leg moves. It protects the knee and gives leverage to muscles.
The ends of the three bones in the knee joint are covered with articular cartilage, a tough, elastic material that helps absorb shock and allows the knee joint to move smoothly. Separating the bones of the knee are pads of connective tissue called menisci, which are divided into two crescent-shaped discs positioned between the tibia and femur on the outer and inner sides of each knee. The two menisci in each knee act as shock absorbers, cushioning the lower part of the leg from the weight of the rest of the body, as well as enhancing stability.
Muscles
There are two groups of muscles at the knee. The quadriceps muscle comprises four muscles on the front of the thigh that work to straighten the leg from a bent position. The hamstring muscles, which bend the leg at the knee, run along the back of the thigh from the hip to just below the knee.
Ligaments
Ligaments are strong, elastic bands of tissue that connect bone to bone. They provide strength and stability to the joint. Four ligaments connect the femur and tibia:
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) provides stability to the inner (medial) aspect of the knee.
The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) provides stability to the outer (lateral) aspect of the knee.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), in the center of the knee, limits rotation and the forward movement of the tibia.
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), also in the center of the knee, limits backward movement of the tibia.
Other ligaments are part of the knee capsule, which is a protective, fiber-like structure that wraps around the knee joint. Inside the capsule, the joint is lined with a thin, soft tissue, called synovium.
Tendons
Tendons are tough cords of tissue that connect muscle to bone. In the knee, the quadriceps tendon connects the quadriceps muscle to the patella and provides power to extend the leg. The patellar tendon connects the patella to the tibia. Technically, it is a ligament, but it is commonly called a tendon.















http://www.md.com/
4.





This picure is of the sarcomers relaxed.






5.



This picture shows the sarcomers contracted.







This lab was a good way to put together everything we have learned in this unit. It really gave us the hands on approach and made us study how our bodies function and how we are able to move.

Online lab how do muscles work

Effect of Temperature on Muscle Action

1. Count the number of times you can make a fist in 20 seconds. Start with
your hand completely outstretched and make a tight fist each time. Do it
as rapidly as you can. Record the count in Figure 1. 47

2. Now submerge your hand in a dishpan of water to which has been added
snow or ice so that the temperature is near the freezing point. Leave your
hand in the water for one full minute.

3. Remove your hand and immediately count how many forceful fists you can
make in 20 seconds. Record in Figure 1. 15

Figure 1: Effect of Temperature on Muscle Action

Temperature
Number of Fists
Normal 47---------------
Ice Water 15
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Effect of Fatigue on Muscle Action

1. Count how many times you can tightly squeeze a rubber ball in your hand
in 20 seconds. Record in Figure 2. 43

2. Repeat the squeezing nine more times and record results. Do not rest
between trials.

(An alternative procedure which works well is to open and close a
clothespin with the thumb and index finger while the other fingers are held
out straight.)

Figure 2: Effect of Fatigue on muscle action

Trial
# of Squeezes in 20 seconds
9 More X's
1 43
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2 41
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3 36
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4 34
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5 29
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6 24
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7 17
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8 14
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9 13
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10 8
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ANALYSIS OF DATA:

1. What are the three changes you observed in a muscle while it is working (contracted)? enlarged, tightened, and became fatigued

2. What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain. It made my hand ache and feel really tense my muscle seemed tight
3. What effect did fatigue have on the action of your hand muscles?
My hand started aching and cramping like it couldn't do anymore. It seemed like my muscles were under stress I think this might be due to lack of oxygen and slowing down the process of producing ATP energy for my muscles.

Compendium Review Movement

Movement:

Neuron brings impulse to synapse with muscle

muscle cell shorten by sliding protein filaments (actin, myosin units)

Movements at protein level cause whole muscle to rapidly shorten or contract

Neurons trigger muscle to contract based on stimuli or sensory input, muscle contracts by sliding filaments, muscle pulls on bone to cause movement across joint

Muscle Cell Structure:

Muscle cells are large and visible

Each cell contains hundreds of myofibrils

Each myofibril contains actin, myoisn, filaments proteins all lined up

Parts of a muscle cell : Sarcolemma- muscle cell membrane, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum- ER in muscle, T tubule penetrate into cells and cotact SR

Calcium Release in muscle:

Motor neuron impulse arrives to axonal terminus, neuro muscular juction synapse passes message onto muscle cell, sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane) undergo action potential all along length of cell membrane and into T-tubule system, voltage change causes releases of Ca+2 ions into muscle cell. Calcium causes actin-myosin units sarcomers to shorten

Shortening of actin myosin units lead to whole muscle contraction, connection of many cells make whole muscle shorten bringing about body movements, movement happens across joints between skeletal elements

Joints:

connect skeletal elements, synovial joints are lubricated mobile joints, skeletal elements linked by synovial jounts move when muscle pull on those skeletal elements.

Flexion- joint angle decreases

Extension-joint angle increases

Adduction- body parts move towards midline

Abduction-body parts move away from midline

Rotation- body part moves around its own axis

Circumduction- body part moves so that cone shape is outlined

Inversion- sole of foot turns inward

Eversion- sole of foot turns outward

Structure of bone:

bone is alive, has nerves, blood supply, cells, connective tissue very organized in layers around blood vessels, cells make bone tissue, dissolve bone tissue, live inside bone tissue

Fetal bone formation: cartilage model forms first, then bony tissue fills around blood vessels, final bone has three parts central shaft diapysis, and 2 ends epiphysis, new bone tissue forms with in cartilage

Medullary Cavity: inside diaphysis is hollow tube, filled with bone marrow where blood cells form.

Calcium Regulation and Bone:

Bone serves as calcium storage, calcium is needed for many aspects of cell metabolism, but especially in muscle cells. Calcium regulation is negative feedback mechanism, release of calcium by degrading bone can be contrery to support role of bone, osteoporosis is a result of calcium need

Compendium Review Nervous Funtion

Nervous System:

What does the nervous system do?

Action Potentials- rapid transmission of messages

Reflex arc-simple somatic function and autonomic function

Sensory input- brings information in

Processing information- brain and spinal cord

Motor output- initiates responsemuscles- movement glands- secretion

Action Potentials:

*ability to sense environment, processing information rapidly and resonce requires rapid transmission of messages within the body

*ability to transmit messages rapidly unique to animals

*accomplished by cell membrane changes called action potentials

*happens in nervous tissue cells called neurons and in cell muscle

Neurons:

*main cells of nervous system

*transmit rapid messages-action potentials

*axon carries messages

*dendrite connect to other cells, usually neurons or muscle cells

*cell body contains nucleus, maintain cell function

*single neurons nerver die or divide after initial nervous system development

Myelin Sheath:

*single nerve contains hundreds or thousands of axons, each axon surrounded by sheath

*myelin is fat based insulated substance that isolates neurons and helps speed of action potential propagation

*myelin is contained with in cells that wrap around axon called schwann cells

Types of neurons:

sensory- bundled in nerves bring information in from virtually every tissue, structure,a dn organ of the body except brain and spinal cord

motor- bundled in nerves, to every muscle and gland including blood vessels.

How do neurons carry messages?

Action potentials- unique to animal nerve and muscle tissue, ability to rapidly carry an ion diffusion mediated change voltage along cell membrane, only neurons and muscle cells can do it.

What happens when action potential arrives at end of axon?

neurotransmitter is secreted to stimulate connecting neurons or muscle cells

Autonomic function- spinal cord reflex example voluntary or somatin funtion

most visceral organs , digestive system, glands, blood flow heart and blood vessels have autonomic involuntary control same principles and action potential control is sub concious

sympathetic-speed up innervation

parasypathetic- slow down response

How does sensation happen? sensory receptors respond to stimulus from body or environment

These receptor cells trigger action potentials in connecting sensory neurons

spinal cord and brain interpret and analyze info.

sensory cortex maps touch sensation from entire skin surface

cutaneous receptors of skin bring touch pressure, pain, heat and cold

Proprioception- gives body position by sending muscle tension (allows you to touch your nose with your eyes closed)

special senses is head- taste, smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium

Cool Facts:

Average number of neurons in a human brain 100 billion

octopus brain-300 billion

rate of neuron growth during fetal development 250,000 neuron/min

longest axon of neuron around 15 feet giraffe primary afferent axon from toe to neck

Leech Neurons Lab!

These are my pictures from the leech lab!

1. What is the electrode measuring? The membrane potential

2. Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments? The size of their neurons are very large and very accessible

3. What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron?

Sensory sends the information and motor recieves the information and responds

4. Do you think a leech experiences pain? What is pain? Yes I do think the leech experiences pain how could they not with having neurons. Pain is an unpleasant sensation that can range from mild, localized discomfort to agony. It is a response to some kind of stimulation that is not pleasant.

5. What were the two most interesting things about doing this lab?

I really liked the dissecting part and using the different tools. I also like using the dye being able to get a better picture and visual.

6. Anything you found confusing or didn't like about the lab? I really enjoyed this lab and found it was a lot of fun. It really made me feel like I was doing the work not the computer!

unit evaluation unit 2

REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I am most proud of my labs, graphs, and pictures. For some reason I really struggled with the graphs and I am happy that I actually got them to post!
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
I could of used some improvement on my compendium reviews looking at them I didn't include enough pictures this unit. Also on my final lab should of provided more information.
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I really struggled with this unit I couldn't get into it. I have been sick but numbers and graphs arent my thing. In the second part of the unit on nutrition I started to get into it again and it was easier for me to understand. I think on this unit I spent so much time even more than the first unit and tried my best but it doesn't look as good as my first unit so I would give myself a C.
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
The next unit looks fun to me I cant wait to build a limb! I think I will enjoy the next unit and dedicate alot of time and try not to get to frusturated if things aren't going my way with postings.

REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
During this unit I felt most engaged during the labs. It seems so much more hands on even though I didn't enjoy the graphing.
At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
graphs it was like I couldn't get it and even though I kept trying it didnt seem to work
What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
When I asked for help with the graph my instructor refered me back to the microscope lab so I was able to go back and see how I got that to post and eventually I figured it out
What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
None really I knew this unit was probably going to be the hardest for me so I am excited to move to the next
What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
I was surprised at my reactions to this unit I was so frusturated and almost gave up. Thank goodness I didn't because once I got into the second part of the unit I started to enjoy myself again. I just need to realize that somethings are going to be better than others and I just have to push myself through them!

Compendium Review digestion/glucose/diet

What does a cell need?

oxygen for cell respiration, to make ATP that is used to power all the reactions of cell's metabolism

glucose the main chemical combined with oxygen in cellular respiration

Glycolysis and Kreb's Cycle

Glucose diffuses through special protein pores on cell membrane

Insulin is a protein secreted by pancreas into blood usually following a meal

stimulates cells to take up glucose and either store it or use it in cellular metabolism

Type 1 diabetes- no insulin produced by pancreas

Type 2 diabetes- obesity related cells become resistant to insulin and cant utilize glucose

Essential amino acids

only additional nutrients that body can't produce

needed for making proteins 8 essential foor digestion food in the body

How do nutrients get to cells?

Digestion, diffuse across wall of gut into blood, travel through bloodstream, diffuse into cells

This is a copy of the slide and can also be found in the text on page 144. It's a great picture to look at and really understand how the digestive system really works.






Nutrients and Diet:
molecules of life, food groups, vitamins and minerals, tables in book pages 160-163
How people decide what to eat:
cultural and commercial influences
government policies influence how food is grown and distributed
Results: typical dinner plate has traveled 1500 miles
packaged and processed food dominate in diet
small farmers cant compete with huge distributors
use of nutritionism to justify products "low fat"
loss of knowledge how to produce food or even where it comes from
What is a healthy diet?
diets advertised as healthy probably are not
nutritionism approach doesn't usually work because it is home cooked meals not not nutrients that inspire people to eat well
most culturally based cuisines are good
What's healthy? non packaged, homecooked, culturally based, spirtitually satisfying.
How is food raised? What is a healthy agro-ecosystem- most food is not farmed and factory produced so production looks for maximum short and medium term profit, not consurned of long term health of consumers, responsive to government regulations not local prestige
*small farmers survive by growing local prestige

Online lab Food/Nutrition

-How healthy a daily diet do you think this is? Why?

I don't think this diet is very healthy. Breakfast doesn't seem to bad I usually just have a fruit smoothy of some kind. This particular day I had cream of wheat, wheat toast, and a smoothie. After this it goes down hill because I didn't have time to make my own lunch it was kind of a grab and go thing all day. I start with the rice krispy treat then get a turkey sub. At dinner time I just grab a peice of left over pizza. In my diet you can see I didn't eat any vegetables and I didn't take any vitamins throughout the day. I'm also not a big drinker so I probably had 2 cups of water throughout the day.

-What would you change about this day's eating, if anything?

I would have packed my lunch and have thought out what I was going to make for dinner this usually helps me stay on better track if I have an idea of what I am going to make. I would have drank more water and ate more veggies!

-Do you find this kind of nutritional tracking helpful? Why or why not?

Yes, I do it is a really fast way to show you what you are putting into your body throughout the day. My calorie intake for that day was over 2,000. My doctor told me that I should be eating about 1400-1600 calories a day to stay healthy. These websites are helpfull to me but sometimes it kind of makes you obsess about what you eat. I guess there are ups and downs to everything!

Unit Two Lab project: Exercise Physiology

In this lab I will be testing my bodies metabolic parameters- pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. First I will test these when my body is at rest then I will choose 3 different activities and make of hypothesis of what I think my bodies metabolic parameters will do when I am doing these activities. Will they rise, lower, or stay the same? Lets find out!!

The picture above is my graph and results from the lab!

My hypothesis with each activity was: My rates would go up with the physical activities hula hooping and power walking. I think it will be higher during hula hooping. While reading I think my rate will pretty much stay the same as my resting rate.

If you look at my graph you can see that my hypothesis was just about right. Except that my rates increased more when I was power walking rather than hula hooping. I didn't realize how much your body has to work just to walk.

Below are some pictures of me doing some of these activities.

As you can see I did each activity and had my boyfriend do them as well. I just wanted to see the difference between us and being female and male. His rates increased more than mine and is base rate was higher than mine he started out at rest 156/87 that is pretty high. We only found one machine in town to do this lab at and it was at walmart. I think the machine was accurate as the rates increased with physical activities but I also think the machine was off because both of our numbers were a little high even at rest.

Compendium Review: Oxygen/Microbes/Immunity

In this review I will be going over the cardiovascular system, Blood , immunity and microbes.

Blood is everywhere how is this possible?
Vessels that leave the heart are pumped with blood and divide and split to all the major parts of the body; limbs, head, guts, major organs, body wall, skeleton, and muscles
Stuff moves in and out of blood:
Diffusion inside organs, muscles, structures, bones, and big vessels divide into smaller and smaller vessels and then into network-like capillary beds. This is where diffusion can happen rapidly. Then to get blood back to the heart capillaries feed into smaller veins into larger and larger veins into major veins that return to the heart.
Capillaries Infiltrate every tissue of the body:
Why?- Because the cell that make up every tissue need oxygen for cellular respiration, nutrients for cell metabolism, Immune cells nearby to eliminate invading microbes, and removal of waste from cell metabolism
Capillaries:
-arteries bring blood from heart/veins take blood to heart
-network of capillaries really connect artery to vein
-diffusion of needed substances only happen in microscopic thin walled capillaries.
Heart pumps blood:
-if more oxygen is needed heart pumps faster
- brain and guts are big users of oxygen
- muscles under activity are bigger users of oxygen
-during exercise more oxygen is needed so heart pumps faster
- pulse is the measure of how fast heart is pumping
*most common places to check pulse are rist and neck
Blood Pressure:
measures force of blood against wall of vessels
systolic pressure- highest point, as blood is being forced out of heart by contraction of heart muscle
diastolic- lowest point, between heart beats, when heart is inactive
Normal values of adult blood pressure- 95-135/50-90
hypertension- greater than 135 and greater than 90
hypotension- less than 95 and less than 50
Oxygen for cell Respiration:
Why do cells need oxygen?
cell respiration breaks down glucose to make high energy ATP bonds that can be used for cell metabolic reactions.
-glycolysis can happen without oxygen fermentation
-citric acid cycle
-elcectron transport chain
-every step of respiration catalyzed by proteins that are coded for DNA
How does oxygen get into the blood?
-oxygen diffuses into blood through lungs in lungs bronchioles branch and branch finally ending in tiny sacs called alveoli, each alveoli is surrounded by capillaries
-oxygen diffuses across super thin epithelial tissue of alveolus, across super thin epithelial tissue of capillaries, across red blood cell membrane and is held by hemoglobin protein molecules in red blood cells
Blood Cells:
Red blood cells are one of several types of blood cells, each second 3 million new red blood cells are formed by a special kind of mitosis, they have no nucleus or organelles, they are full of hemoglobin
White blood cells fight invading microbes as part of the immune system.
lymphocytes-recognize invaders
monocytes- engulf microbes
basophils- release substances that trigger the other cells
What are foreign invaders?
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. Most life on earth is bacteria, most is not disease causeing, but immune system must recognize which dont casue disease
Viruses are escaped parts of DNA of different organisms. They can't live independent of the cells they escape from.
How do immune cells recognize invaders?
Invaders are bacteria, viruses, and any other substance that is not part of our body. During fetal and child development immune cells are exposed to out body's own cells and the proteins that they have on their surfaces. Thus happens mostly in the thymus and bone marrow. Those immune cell precursors that attack our own cells are eliminated. Those that recognize other cells contunue to develop T cells and B cells. This process is called clonal selection
The T cells and B cells recognize foreign proteins that are invaders but have been selected so that they don't recognize and try to kill the body's own cells
Antibody editing by clonal selection or deletion:
Variety of B cells produced by random recombinations of genes for variable regions of antibody.
During B cell development certain clonal lines are eliminated because their antibodies glom onto the body's own antigens
B cell production and clonal selection occurs in bone marrow during early years of life
Antibodies:
-are highly variable proteins that are produced by B cells in order to recognize the foreign proteins on the invaders called antigens
-are free in blood stream, when on surface of B cells they are called BCRs or B cell receptors, T cells also make variable proteins TCRs or T cell receptors
How do immune cells actually get rid of invaders?
-Phagocytes move through blood and into connective tissue (part of the inflamation responses cells and fluid move out of capillaries into surrounding aleolar tissues) then the macrophages actually engulf and dissolve the invading microbes.
There are several different sources of macrophages: cells in skin, phagocytes in blood, microglial cells in central nervous system
Non specific Immunity- does not rely on T and B cells or antibodies
specific immunity- based on specific antibodies that recognize the invader, they kill or engulf the invading microbes
AIDS- acquired immuen deficiency syndrome


HIV- human immune deficiency syndrome


*AIDS is caused by HIV virus
How is HIV transmitted?
Virion- loose virus, doesn't live long outside the body
-through blood and body fluid contact
-other std's are more easily transmitted but aren't as fatal


HIV infects helper T cells:
Type 1- stimulate cytotoxic T-cells
Type 2- stimulate cytotoxic B- cells
-helper T cells recognize antigens, but cant do anything about it on their own, they secrete cytokines to direct what kind of immune response should be activated. For most infections Helper T cells are crucial for robust response


In AIDS these cells are killed as they themselves present viral antigens and invite cytotoxic T cells or macrophages to ingest them, without helper T's good responses to infections cant be maintained


Immune response- complicated because HIV infects cells of immune system, HIV doesn't kill just lowers the body defenses as T cell levels drop.



















http://www.city-data.com/forum/health-wellness/161657-flu-shots-yay-nay-9.html


The picture to your right is healthy T cells that help protect our body from invaders. The picture on the left is T cells that have been infected by AIDS.

Unit Two Blood Pressure Lab!

When taking your blood pressure it is measureing the force of blood against wall of vessels.

-Systolic pressure- is the highest point, as blood is being forced out of the heart by contraction of heart muscle.

-Diastolic pressure- is the lowest point, between heart beats, when heart is inactive

Normal Values of adult blood pressure:

Systolic Diastolic

95-135 50-90

Hypertension- <135>

Hypotension- >95 >50

State a problem about the relationship of age and gender to blood pressure.

Learning about blood pressure the biggest problem I see between age and gender is that the older you get your blood pressure increases. I think gender may be irrelevant because I believe it is more about the kind of lifestyle you live and how you take care of your body and what kind of diet you have.

Use your knowledge about the heart and the circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average blood pressure for a group of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of the group members.

My hypothesis would be that blood pressure would increase as age increases. I'm not sure about how gender will affect blood pressure. Also with age increasing the lack of exercise and poor eating habits will effect blood pressure.

How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record?

I will use this screen to test multiple age groups within the male and female gender. I will record a average blood pressure for each gender and age group. While doing so I will look at patient records and evaluate their history. I will then graph the average blood pressures for each group and use this graph to organize my data and show me where the increases took place and try to evaluate why the increase or decrease in age and gender group.

Analyze the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.

After the experiment I wasn't surprised about my results. My data showed me that with age blood pressure does increase. It also showed me that males had more of a chance of having high blood pressure I'm not sure why this is so I am going to have to investigate a little further.

Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group blood pressure averages?

Yes my results supported my hypothesis because with age blood pressure increases. I also noticed that there was more of an increase in the male gender I am still unsure of why this is and will further investigate this matter.

During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any blood pressure reading that were outside of the normal range for the group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high reading?

Majority of the individuals outside the normal range were overweight or obese. I also noticed that they most of them were in the age ranges of 35-44 and 45-54. The ones that did not fit into that group had poor eating habits, high salt intake, lack of exercise, family history of hypertension, and consumed alcohol. This made sense to me when you aren't taking care of your body and poisoning it with the wrong foods it will lead to high blood pressure and other health problems.

List risk factors associated with the hypertension. Based on your observation, which risk factor do you think is most closely associated with hypertension?

Some risk factors associated with hypertension are poor diet, genetics, alcohol, lack of exercise, smoking, and the risk factor I think that is most closely related to hypertension is obesity. All these factors contribute to hypertension as well to obesity its about your physical health as an individual.

What effect might obesity have on blood pressure? Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for high blood pressure? What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase a person's risk for high blood pressure?

Obesity effects blood pressure because the person who is obese does not have a healthy lifestyle. I do think obesity alone can cause hypertension because the same things that lead to obesity lead to hypertension. Lack of exercise, poor diet, consumption of alcohol, and an overall unhealthy lifestyle.

Self unit Evaluation

REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I am definatly most excited about the final lab project on building a model of a cell. I was so nervous going into this project not knowing what to expect and the whole anxiety of it was stressing me out! My final project came out better than I suspected and I actually had fun doing it! Also setting up my blog page I was very nervous about because I have never had to do anything like that for a course but now looking at it its very rewarding looking at all the work I have done in just this one unit. I can't wait to see it after all the units! I have been very proud of my online labs as well especially the mircoscope lab it took me a good couple hours to complete and actually get it but I can say now I understand how a microscope looks and not have to be nervous about trying to use one in front of people!
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
After looking at my submitted assignments I think I can approve on the organization of my blogs and spacing. Some of my pictures did end up where I intended them to but I'll try to work on that. Also the size of the pictures some of them are to small so you can't really read the labels and writing.

3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I have put alot of time and effort into this unit. This has been a very interesting and fun unit I do believe since this is my first time taking a course like this and online that there is room for improvement so I can't wait for your feedback. I would give myself a B!
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
I think the next unit will be better because all the anxiety of doing everything right and trying to figure out how to blog and how the course works is gone. I am definatly going to really look at my feedback from the class and instructor for advise to better myself for the next unit!


REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
I think doing the labs was the part I felt most engaged in the course really getting in there and applying what I have learned.

At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
The very beginning trying to make my blog page I was really nervous i didn't know if I could do this.

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
The instructor was great with feedback through email and answering my questions. Also just being able to look at other students blog pages helped me realize that everyones is going to look different and we all do our work different.

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
Most confusing necessarily wasn't an action but just getting my blogs together and submitting them correctly.

What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
I was supprised that I was able to do everything with a couple of questions! I was very nervous about taking a science course online but so far I am loving it! I feel very intune with the course and I'm learning a lot! I think the blog page is helping me because it is making me organize everything I am learning and gives me the ability to look at it anytime I need to!

Should people have a choice insulin from animals or genetically modified insulin?

Diabetes is becoming more common in the United States approximatly 1.5 million have type 1 diabetes in the US and most of them are children. The core issue is an inability to control the level of glucose in blood. The only treatment is insulin. (actionbioscience.org)

Previously the only source of insulin was animals slaughtered for meat and other purposes. With this as the only source it was never enough to provide a sufficient amount of insulin. In 1982 the drug and food administration approved insulin produced genetically. (sciencejrank.org)

Human insulin is the only animal protein to have been made in bacteria that its structure is absolutly identical to the natural molecule. After viewing how this is done with my knowledge from this unit I was absolulty amazed to be able to relate what I had just learned to a real life scenerio. I picked this subject because my grandma is diabetic and I give her a shot every night never really knowing where the insulin came from. After reading this I am amazed at what scientist can do to help with people who have diabetes.
One issue was that contamination of the final product by the host cells icreased the risk of contamination in the fermentation broth. This was eliminated by the purification process. When the process of tests was done no impurities were detected. This procedure is now performed using yeast cells. This minimises the cost and need for complex purification processes. (littletree.com)

Another issue was there was an increase of hypoglycemia in patients when they switched from animal derived insulin to recombinant DNA human insulin. In a study held in Britian hypoglycemia was induced in patients using either pork or human insulin. The researchers found no significant difference in signs of hypogylcemia between the users of both insulins. After 10 years 1/3 of people with diabetes dependent on insulin lose their hypoglycemic warning signals. (littletree.com)

Another issue I ran across is why don't people have a choice between animal and human insulin if the cost is low in producing it. None of the almighty insulin manufacturers would second guess their decision to pull natural insulin from the shelves. Genetically modified insulin is cheaper to produce. This is better for business because it assigns profitable patents to insulin and assists in makeing diabetics buy it. (naturalnews.com)

After reading about the pros and cons of genetically modified insulin I think scientists are doing a great job trying to ensure that we have insulin for the people who need it. Unfortunatly diabetes doesn't look like its going anywhere anytime soon. I find it amazing how these scientists can use genes in the medical field and hope that they find more cures for diseases through this. I do agree if someone is absolutly against genetically modified insulin or any other drug they should have a choice and I'm sure if they did some reasearch for themselves they might take another look at it. I am very excited about this matter because now I know where the insulin comes from and how we get it I can't wait to tell my grandma who depends on insulin just like millions of others everyday.

Compendium Review Genetics

Early Fetal Development:

Meiosis produces gametes/sex cells with just one member of each chromosome pair

Fertilization results in union of female gamete (egg) and male gamete (sperm)

Subsequent embryonic fetal and embryonic development by mitosis and differentation of cell types produces new individual

Meiosis- two nuclear divisions occur to make 4 haploid cells, results in gametes, has 8 phases 4 in each meiosis 1 and 2

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Meiosis+1

DNA and Chromosomes:

*long DNA molecules in nucleus are called chromosomes

*each chromosome is organized, packaged or wrapped up with proteins giving it a certain shape

*total view of all 23 pairs is karyotype

Mitosis:

Why do cells divide?

*Growth so tissues and structures can become larger

*Replacement so tissues can be replaced because the are worn out (blood, skin)

*Repair tissues get damaged due to injury

Prophase- chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear envelope fragments, nucleolus dissapears, centrosomes move to opposite poles, spindle fibers appear and attach to centromere

Metaphase- chromosomes line up at the middle of cell fully formed spindle

Anaphase- sister chromatids seperate at centromere and move towards poles

Telophase and cytokinesis- chromosomes arrive at ploles become indistict chromatic again, nucleoli reappears, spindle dissapears, nuclear envelope reassembles, 2 daughter cells are formed by a ring of actin filaments

Gene expression- DNA transcribed to to mRNA , mRNA translated to amino acid sequence, amino acid folds up into protein, protein catalyze reaction of cell metabolism

Transcription- DNA is read to make mRNA in nucleus of cell, in nucleus double DNA double helix opens up, mRNA transcript is made from DNA template

Translation- Reading mRNA to make a protein in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus ribosomes do the translation, line up amino acids according to mRNA sequence

RNA/protein translation code- every 3 RNA bases code for 1 amino acid, code is evolutionary conservitive ( works almost the same in all forms of life)

Regulation of Gene Expression

transcription control, post transcription control, translational control, post translational control

*when regulation of gene expression goes wrong result is cancer

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/gene_expression.php

Charecteristics of cancer cells:

lack differentation and dont contribute to body functions, abnormal nuclei that are enlarged and may have abnormal # of chromosomes, unlimited ability to divide, form tumors, can divide without growth factors, become abnormal gradually through a multistage process, undergo angiogenesis and metastasis

3 phases in the development of cancer cells"

initiation- a single cell undergos a mutation that causes it to divide repeatidly

promotion- a tumor develops and cells within the tumor mutate

progression- a cell mutates in such a way thath allows it to invade surrounding tissue

The genetic basis for cancer:

proto-oncogenes-products promote the cell cycle and prevent cell death (apoptosis)

tumor- suppressor genes- products inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis

mutation- in the genes above can cause cancer

Types of Cancer

*onocology- study of cancer

*carcinomas- cancers of the epithelial tissue

*adenocarcinomas- cancers of glandular epithelial tissue

*sarcomas- cancer of muscle and connective tissue

*leukimias- cancers of blood

*lymphoma- cancers of lymphatic tussues

Causes of Cancer

*genetics

*enviroment carcinogens

*radiation, tobacco smoke, pollutants, viruses

BRCA 1 and BRCA genes associated with breast cancer

RB genes associtiated with eye tumor

RET genes associated with thyroid cancer to your right is a picture of a cell with thyroid cancer

http://www.medicine.tcd.ie/histopathology/research/interests/thyroid.php

7 warning signs to cancer

C- change in bowel movement or bladder habits

A- a sore that does not heal

U- unusual bleeding or discharge

T- thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere

I- indegestion or difficulty swallowing

O- obvious change in wart or mole

N- nagging cough or horseness

Recombinant DNA- contains DNA from 2 or more differen sources, allows genes to be cloned

Gene cloning happens as the plasmid replicates on its own. Scientists clone genes to see differences in a mutated gene and normal gene, and to genetically modify organisms in a beneficial way

Gene cloning is very benificial in the health field. Scientist are able to find medicines that are just right for one individual eliminating side effects. Also through gene cloning we might be able to cure children before they are even born of genetic disorders by inserting a normal gene into the egg that has a mutant gene. How cool is that!