unit evaluation unit 2

REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I am most proud of my labs, graphs, and pictures. For some reason I really struggled with the graphs and I am happy that I actually got them to post!
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
I could of used some improvement on my compendium reviews looking at them I didn't include enough pictures this unit. Also on my final lab should of provided more information.
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I really struggled with this unit I couldn't get into it. I have been sick but numbers and graphs arent my thing. In the second part of the unit on nutrition I started to get into it again and it was easier for me to understand. I think on this unit I spent so much time even more than the first unit and tried my best but it doesn't look as good as my first unit so I would give myself a C.
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
The next unit looks fun to me I cant wait to build a limb! I think I will enjoy the next unit and dedicate alot of time and try not to get to frusturated if things aren't going my way with postings.

REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
During this unit I felt most engaged during the labs. It seems so much more hands on even though I didn't enjoy the graphing.
At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
graphs it was like I couldn't get it and even though I kept trying it didnt seem to work
What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
When I asked for help with the graph my instructor refered me back to the microscope lab so I was able to go back and see how I got that to post and eventually I figured it out
What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
None really I knew this unit was probably going to be the hardest for me so I am excited to move to the next
What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
I was surprised at my reactions to this unit I was so frusturated and almost gave up. Thank goodness I didn't because once I got into the second part of the unit I started to enjoy myself again. I just need to realize that somethings are going to be better than others and I just have to push myself through them!

Compendium Review digestion/glucose/diet

What does a cell need?

oxygen for cell respiration, to make ATP that is used to power all the reactions of cell's metabolism

glucose the main chemical combined with oxygen in cellular respiration

Glycolysis and Kreb's Cycle

Glucose diffuses through special protein pores on cell membrane

Insulin is a protein secreted by pancreas into blood usually following a meal

stimulates cells to take up glucose and either store it or use it in cellular metabolism

Type 1 diabetes- no insulin produced by pancreas

Type 2 diabetes- obesity related cells become resistant to insulin and cant utilize glucose

Essential amino acids

only additional nutrients that body can't produce

needed for making proteins 8 essential foor digestion food in the body

How do nutrients get to cells?

Digestion, diffuse across wall of gut into blood, travel through bloodstream, diffuse into cells

This is a copy of the slide and can also be found in the text on page 144. It's a great picture to look at and really understand how the digestive system really works.






Nutrients and Diet:
molecules of life, food groups, vitamins and minerals, tables in book pages 160-163
How people decide what to eat:
cultural and commercial influences
government policies influence how food is grown and distributed
Results: typical dinner plate has traveled 1500 miles
packaged and processed food dominate in diet
small farmers cant compete with huge distributors
use of nutritionism to justify products "low fat"
loss of knowledge how to produce food or even where it comes from
What is a healthy diet?
diets advertised as healthy probably are not
nutritionism approach doesn't usually work because it is home cooked meals not not nutrients that inspire people to eat well
most culturally based cuisines are good
What's healthy? non packaged, homecooked, culturally based, spirtitually satisfying.
How is food raised? What is a healthy agro-ecosystem- most food is not farmed and factory produced so production looks for maximum short and medium term profit, not consurned of long term health of consumers, responsive to government regulations not local prestige
*small farmers survive by growing local prestige

Online lab Food/Nutrition

-How healthy a daily diet do you think this is? Why?

I don't think this diet is very healthy. Breakfast doesn't seem to bad I usually just have a fruit smoothy of some kind. This particular day I had cream of wheat, wheat toast, and a smoothie. After this it goes down hill because I didn't have time to make my own lunch it was kind of a grab and go thing all day. I start with the rice krispy treat then get a turkey sub. At dinner time I just grab a peice of left over pizza. In my diet you can see I didn't eat any vegetables and I didn't take any vitamins throughout the day. I'm also not a big drinker so I probably had 2 cups of water throughout the day.

-What would you change about this day's eating, if anything?

I would have packed my lunch and have thought out what I was going to make for dinner this usually helps me stay on better track if I have an idea of what I am going to make. I would have drank more water and ate more veggies!

-Do you find this kind of nutritional tracking helpful? Why or why not?

Yes, I do it is a really fast way to show you what you are putting into your body throughout the day. My calorie intake for that day was over 2,000. My doctor told me that I should be eating about 1400-1600 calories a day to stay healthy. These websites are helpfull to me but sometimes it kind of makes you obsess about what you eat. I guess there are ups and downs to everything!

Unit Two Lab project: Exercise Physiology

In this lab I will be testing my bodies metabolic parameters- pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. First I will test these when my body is at rest then I will choose 3 different activities and make of hypothesis of what I think my bodies metabolic parameters will do when I am doing these activities. Will they rise, lower, or stay the same? Lets find out!!

The picture above is my graph and results from the lab!

My hypothesis with each activity was: My rates would go up with the physical activities hula hooping and power walking. I think it will be higher during hula hooping. While reading I think my rate will pretty much stay the same as my resting rate.

If you look at my graph you can see that my hypothesis was just about right. Except that my rates increased more when I was power walking rather than hula hooping. I didn't realize how much your body has to work just to walk.

Below are some pictures of me doing some of these activities.

As you can see I did each activity and had my boyfriend do them as well. I just wanted to see the difference between us and being female and male. His rates increased more than mine and is base rate was higher than mine he started out at rest 156/87 that is pretty high. We only found one machine in town to do this lab at and it was at walmart. I think the machine was accurate as the rates increased with physical activities but I also think the machine was off because both of our numbers were a little high even at rest.

Compendium Review: Oxygen/Microbes/Immunity

In this review I will be going over the cardiovascular system, Blood , immunity and microbes.

Blood is everywhere how is this possible?
Vessels that leave the heart are pumped with blood and divide and split to all the major parts of the body; limbs, head, guts, major organs, body wall, skeleton, and muscles
Stuff moves in and out of blood:
Diffusion inside organs, muscles, structures, bones, and big vessels divide into smaller and smaller vessels and then into network-like capillary beds. This is where diffusion can happen rapidly. Then to get blood back to the heart capillaries feed into smaller veins into larger and larger veins into major veins that return to the heart.
Capillaries Infiltrate every tissue of the body:
Why?- Because the cell that make up every tissue need oxygen for cellular respiration, nutrients for cell metabolism, Immune cells nearby to eliminate invading microbes, and removal of waste from cell metabolism
Capillaries:
-arteries bring blood from heart/veins take blood to heart
-network of capillaries really connect artery to vein
-diffusion of needed substances only happen in microscopic thin walled capillaries.
Heart pumps blood:
-if more oxygen is needed heart pumps faster
- brain and guts are big users of oxygen
- muscles under activity are bigger users of oxygen
-during exercise more oxygen is needed so heart pumps faster
- pulse is the measure of how fast heart is pumping
*most common places to check pulse are rist and neck
Blood Pressure:
measures force of blood against wall of vessels
systolic pressure- highest point, as blood is being forced out of heart by contraction of heart muscle
diastolic- lowest point, between heart beats, when heart is inactive
Normal values of adult blood pressure- 95-135/50-90
hypertension- greater than 135 and greater than 90
hypotension- less than 95 and less than 50
Oxygen for cell Respiration:
Why do cells need oxygen?
cell respiration breaks down glucose to make high energy ATP bonds that can be used for cell metabolic reactions.
-glycolysis can happen without oxygen fermentation
-citric acid cycle
-elcectron transport chain
-every step of respiration catalyzed by proteins that are coded for DNA
How does oxygen get into the blood?
-oxygen diffuses into blood through lungs in lungs bronchioles branch and branch finally ending in tiny sacs called alveoli, each alveoli is surrounded by capillaries
-oxygen diffuses across super thin epithelial tissue of alveolus, across super thin epithelial tissue of capillaries, across red blood cell membrane and is held by hemoglobin protein molecules in red blood cells
Blood Cells:
Red blood cells are one of several types of blood cells, each second 3 million new red blood cells are formed by a special kind of mitosis, they have no nucleus or organelles, they are full of hemoglobin
White blood cells fight invading microbes as part of the immune system.
lymphocytes-recognize invaders
monocytes- engulf microbes
basophils- release substances that trigger the other cells
What are foreign invaders?
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. Most life on earth is bacteria, most is not disease causeing, but immune system must recognize which dont casue disease
Viruses are escaped parts of DNA of different organisms. They can't live independent of the cells they escape from.
How do immune cells recognize invaders?
Invaders are bacteria, viruses, and any other substance that is not part of our body. During fetal and child development immune cells are exposed to out body's own cells and the proteins that they have on their surfaces. Thus happens mostly in the thymus and bone marrow. Those immune cell precursors that attack our own cells are eliminated. Those that recognize other cells contunue to develop T cells and B cells. This process is called clonal selection
The T cells and B cells recognize foreign proteins that are invaders but have been selected so that they don't recognize and try to kill the body's own cells
Antibody editing by clonal selection or deletion:
Variety of B cells produced by random recombinations of genes for variable regions of antibody.
During B cell development certain clonal lines are eliminated because their antibodies glom onto the body's own antigens
B cell production and clonal selection occurs in bone marrow during early years of life
Antibodies:
-are highly variable proteins that are produced by B cells in order to recognize the foreign proteins on the invaders called antigens
-are free in blood stream, when on surface of B cells they are called BCRs or B cell receptors, T cells also make variable proteins TCRs or T cell receptors
How do immune cells actually get rid of invaders?
-Phagocytes move through blood and into connective tissue (part of the inflamation responses cells and fluid move out of capillaries into surrounding aleolar tissues) then the macrophages actually engulf and dissolve the invading microbes.
There are several different sources of macrophages: cells in skin, phagocytes in blood, microglial cells in central nervous system
Non specific Immunity- does not rely on T and B cells or antibodies
specific immunity- based on specific antibodies that recognize the invader, they kill or engulf the invading microbes
AIDS- acquired immuen deficiency syndrome


HIV- human immune deficiency syndrome


*AIDS is caused by HIV virus
How is HIV transmitted?
Virion- loose virus, doesn't live long outside the body
-through blood and body fluid contact
-other std's are more easily transmitted but aren't as fatal


HIV infects helper T cells:
Type 1- stimulate cytotoxic T-cells
Type 2- stimulate cytotoxic B- cells
-helper T cells recognize antigens, but cant do anything about it on their own, they secrete cytokines to direct what kind of immune response should be activated. For most infections Helper T cells are crucial for robust response


In AIDS these cells are killed as they themselves present viral antigens and invite cytotoxic T cells or macrophages to ingest them, without helper T's good responses to infections cant be maintained


Immune response- complicated because HIV infects cells of immune system, HIV doesn't kill just lowers the body defenses as T cell levels drop.



















http://www.city-data.com/forum/health-wellness/161657-flu-shots-yay-nay-9.html


The picture to your right is healthy T cells that help protect our body from invaders. The picture on the left is T cells that have been infected by AIDS.

Unit Two Blood Pressure Lab!

When taking your blood pressure it is measureing the force of blood against wall of vessels.

-Systolic pressure- is the highest point, as blood is being forced out of the heart by contraction of heart muscle.

-Diastolic pressure- is the lowest point, between heart beats, when heart is inactive

Normal Values of adult blood pressure:

Systolic Diastolic

95-135 50-90

Hypertension- <135>

Hypotension- >95 >50

State a problem about the relationship of age and gender to blood pressure.

Learning about blood pressure the biggest problem I see between age and gender is that the older you get your blood pressure increases. I think gender may be irrelevant because I believe it is more about the kind of lifestyle you live and how you take care of your body and what kind of diet you have.

Use your knowledge about the heart and the circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average blood pressure for a group of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of the group members.

My hypothesis would be that blood pressure would increase as age increases. I'm not sure about how gender will affect blood pressure. Also with age increasing the lack of exercise and poor eating habits will effect blood pressure.

How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record?

I will use this screen to test multiple age groups within the male and female gender. I will record a average blood pressure for each gender and age group. While doing so I will look at patient records and evaluate their history. I will then graph the average blood pressures for each group and use this graph to organize my data and show me where the increases took place and try to evaluate why the increase or decrease in age and gender group.

Analyze the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.

After the experiment I wasn't surprised about my results. My data showed me that with age blood pressure does increase. It also showed me that males had more of a chance of having high blood pressure I'm not sure why this is so I am going to have to investigate a little further.

Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group blood pressure averages?

Yes my results supported my hypothesis because with age blood pressure increases. I also noticed that there was more of an increase in the male gender I am still unsure of why this is and will further investigate this matter.

During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any blood pressure reading that were outside of the normal range for the group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high reading?

Majority of the individuals outside the normal range were overweight or obese. I also noticed that they most of them were in the age ranges of 35-44 and 45-54. The ones that did not fit into that group had poor eating habits, high salt intake, lack of exercise, family history of hypertension, and consumed alcohol. This made sense to me when you aren't taking care of your body and poisoning it with the wrong foods it will lead to high blood pressure and other health problems.

List risk factors associated with the hypertension. Based on your observation, which risk factor do you think is most closely associated with hypertension?

Some risk factors associated with hypertension are poor diet, genetics, alcohol, lack of exercise, smoking, and the risk factor I think that is most closely related to hypertension is obesity. All these factors contribute to hypertension as well to obesity its about your physical health as an individual.

What effect might obesity have on blood pressure? Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for high blood pressure? What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase a person's risk for high blood pressure?

Obesity effects blood pressure because the person who is obese does not have a healthy lifestyle. I do think obesity alone can cause hypertension because the same things that lead to obesity lead to hypertension. Lack of exercise, poor diet, consumption of alcohol, and an overall unhealthy lifestyle.

Self unit Evaluation

REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I am definatly most excited about the final lab project on building a model of a cell. I was so nervous going into this project not knowing what to expect and the whole anxiety of it was stressing me out! My final project came out better than I suspected and I actually had fun doing it! Also setting up my blog page I was very nervous about because I have never had to do anything like that for a course but now looking at it its very rewarding looking at all the work I have done in just this one unit. I can't wait to see it after all the units! I have been very proud of my online labs as well especially the mircoscope lab it took me a good couple hours to complete and actually get it but I can say now I understand how a microscope looks and not have to be nervous about trying to use one in front of people!
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
After looking at my submitted assignments I think I can approve on the organization of my blogs and spacing. Some of my pictures did end up where I intended them to but I'll try to work on that. Also the size of the pictures some of them are to small so you can't really read the labels and writing.

3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I have put alot of time and effort into this unit. This has been a very interesting and fun unit I do believe since this is my first time taking a course like this and online that there is room for improvement so I can't wait for your feedback. I would give myself a B!
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
I think the next unit will be better because all the anxiety of doing everything right and trying to figure out how to blog and how the course works is gone. I am definatly going to really look at my feedback from the class and instructor for advise to better myself for the next unit!


REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
I think doing the labs was the part I felt most engaged in the course really getting in there and applying what I have learned.

At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
The very beginning trying to make my blog page I was really nervous i didn't know if I could do this.

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
The instructor was great with feedback through email and answering my questions. Also just being able to look at other students blog pages helped me realize that everyones is going to look different and we all do our work different.

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
Most confusing necessarily wasn't an action but just getting my blogs together and submitting them correctly.

What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
I was supprised that I was able to do everything with a couple of questions! I was very nervous about taking a science course online but so far I am loving it! I feel very intune with the course and I'm learning a lot! I think the blog page is helping me because it is making me organize everything I am learning and gives me the ability to look at it anytime I need to!

Should people have a choice insulin from animals or genetically modified insulin?

Diabetes is becoming more common in the United States approximatly 1.5 million have type 1 diabetes in the US and most of them are children. The core issue is an inability to control the level of glucose in blood. The only treatment is insulin. (actionbioscience.org)

Previously the only source of insulin was animals slaughtered for meat and other purposes. With this as the only source it was never enough to provide a sufficient amount of insulin. In 1982 the drug and food administration approved insulin produced genetically. (sciencejrank.org)

Human insulin is the only animal protein to have been made in bacteria that its structure is absolutly identical to the natural molecule. After viewing how this is done with my knowledge from this unit I was absolulty amazed to be able to relate what I had just learned to a real life scenerio. I picked this subject because my grandma is diabetic and I give her a shot every night never really knowing where the insulin came from. After reading this I am amazed at what scientist can do to help with people who have diabetes.
One issue was that contamination of the final product by the host cells icreased the risk of contamination in the fermentation broth. This was eliminated by the purification process. When the process of tests was done no impurities were detected. This procedure is now performed using yeast cells. This minimises the cost and need for complex purification processes. (littletree.com)

Another issue was there was an increase of hypoglycemia in patients when they switched from animal derived insulin to recombinant DNA human insulin. In a study held in Britian hypoglycemia was induced in patients using either pork or human insulin. The researchers found no significant difference in signs of hypogylcemia between the users of both insulins. After 10 years 1/3 of people with diabetes dependent on insulin lose their hypoglycemic warning signals. (littletree.com)

Another issue I ran across is why don't people have a choice between animal and human insulin if the cost is low in producing it. None of the almighty insulin manufacturers would second guess their decision to pull natural insulin from the shelves. Genetically modified insulin is cheaper to produce. This is better for business because it assigns profitable patents to insulin and assists in makeing diabetics buy it. (naturalnews.com)

After reading about the pros and cons of genetically modified insulin I think scientists are doing a great job trying to ensure that we have insulin for the people who need it. Unfortunatly diabetes doesn't look like its going anywhere anytime soon. I find it amazing how these scientists can use genes in the medical field and hope that they find more cures for diseases through this. I do agree if someone is absolutly against genetically modified insulin or any other drug they should have a choice and I'm sure if they did some reasearch for themselves they might take another look at it. I am very excited about this matter because now I know where the insulin comes from and how we get it I can't wait to tell my grandma who depends on insulin just like millions of others everyday.

Compendium Review Genetics

Early Fetal Development:

Meiosis produces gametes/sex cells with just one member of each chromosome pair

Fertilization results in union of female gamete (egg) and male gamete (sperm)

Subsequent embryonic fetal and embryonic development by mitosis and differentation of cell types produces new individual

Meiosis- two nuclear divisions occur to make 4 haploid cells, results in gametes, has 8 phases 4 in each meiosis 1 and 2

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Meiosis+1

DNA and Chromosomes:

*long DNA molecules in nucleus are called chromosomes

*each chromosome is organized, packaged or wrapped up with proteins giving it a certain shape

*total view of all 23 pairs is karyotype

Mitosis:

Why do cells divide?

*Growth so tissues and structures can become larger

*Replacement so tissues can be replaced because the are worn out (blood, skin)

*Repair tissues get damaged due to injury

Prophase- chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear envelope fragments, nucleolus dissapears, centrosomes move to opposite poles, spindle fibers appear and attach to centromere

Metaphase- chromosomes line up at the middle of cell fully formed spindle

Anaphase- sister chromatids seperate at centromere and move towards poles

Telophase and cytokinesis- chromosomes arrive at ploles become indistict chromatic again, nucleoli reappears, spindle dissapears, nuclear envelope reassembles, 2 daughter cells are formed by a ring of actin filaments

Gene expression- DNA transcribed to to mRNA , mRNA translated to amino acid sequence, amino acid folds up into protein, protein catalyze reaction of cell metabolism

Transcription- DNA is read to make mRNA in nucleus of cell, in nucleus double DNA double helix opens up, mRNA transcript is made from DNA template

Translation- Reading mRNA to make a protein in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus ribosomes do the translation, line up amino acids according to mRNA sequence

RNA/protein translation code- every 3 RNA bases code for 1 amino acid, code is evolutionary conservitive ( works almost the same in all forms of life)

Regulation of Gene Expression

transcription control, post transcription control, translational control, post translational control

*when regulation of gene expression goes wrong result is cancer

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/gene_expression.php

Charecteristics of cancer cells:

lack differentation and dont contribute to body functions, abnormal nuclei that are enlarged and may have abnormal # of chromosomes, unlimited ability to divide, form tumors, can divide without growth factors, become abnormal gradually through a multistage process, undergo angiogenesis and metastasis

3 phases in the development of cancer cells"

initiation- a single cell undergos a mutation that causes it to divide repeatidly

promotion- a tumor develops and cells within the tumor mutate

progression- a cell mutates in such a way thath allows it to invade surrounding tissue

The genetic basis for cancer:

proto-oncogenes-products promote the cell cycle and prevent cell death (apoptosis)

tumor- suppressor genes- products inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis

mutation- in the genes above can cause cancer

Types of Cancer

*onocology- study of cancer

*carcinomas- cancers of the epithelial tissue

*adenocarcinomas- cancers of glandular epithelial tissue

*sarcomas- cancer of muscle and connective tissue

*leukimias- cancers of blood

*lymphoma- cancers of lymphatic tussues

Causes of Cancer

*genetics

*enviroment carcinogens

*radiation, tobacco smoke, pollutants, viruses

BRCA 1 and BRCA genes associated with breast cancer

RB genes associtiated with eye tumor

RET genes associated with thyroid cancer to your right is a picture of a cell with thyroid cancer

http://www.medicine.tcd.ie/histopathology/research/interests/thyroid.php

7 warning signs to cancer

C- change in bowel movement or bladder habits

A- a sore that does not heal

U- unusual bleeding or discharge

T- thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere

I- indegestion or difficulty swallowing

O- obvious change in wart or mole

N- nagging cough or horseness

Recombinant DNA- contains DNA from 2 or more differen sources, allows genes to be cloned

Gene cloning happens as the plasmid replicates on its own. Scientists clone genes to see differences in a mutated gene and normal gene, and to genetically modify organisms in a beneficial way

Gene cloning is very benificial in the health field. Scientist are able to find medicines that are just right for one individual eliminating side effects. Also through gene cloning we might be able to cure children before they are even born of genetic disorders by inserting a normal gene into the egg that has a mutant gene. How cool is that!

Online lab Genetics

Each person inherits a minimum of two alleles for every charecteristic of their anatomy and physiology. One from their father (sperm) and one from their mother (egg). Genes are very significant to our lives because they determine how we look, our health, and our genome sequence which is being used for alot of different medical problems. Our genome sequence is allowing us to predict our future in a way! By showing us what health problems we may have and what medicines our body can benifit from without all the side effects. This sequence is being used to identify mutant genes that cause genetic disorders. In the future we might be able to cure children before they are born by adding a normal gene to an egg with a mutant gene. This absolutly amazes me! They say we might even get to pick our children one day I don't agree with this but the other things that our genes are capable of doing are great and may save some lives in the future!

Here are some definitions that will help you understand the labs below:

Genotype- Genes of the individual or alleles of the individual

Phenotype- Refers to the physical charecteristics associated with alleles

Allele- Alternative form of gene; one from each parent

Cross- Exchange of segments; significant because it is necessary to realize members of a homologous pair can carry diferent instructions for same genetic trait.

Dominant- Allele that exerts its phenotype

Recessive- Allele that is phenotypically expressed in homozygous but has its expression masked in presence of dominant

Homozygous dominant- dominant phenotype (AA)

Homozygous recessive- recessive phenotype (aa)

Heterozygous- shows dominant phenotype (Aa)

The lab to your right shows you how to manipulate alleles to make the two dragons match. For example to get the horns to appear but not be to long you needed a heterozygous pair (Hh) where the dominant phenotype is used. Another example is the wings are homozygous recessive (ww).

The lab to your right here showed us how to use the punnett square and match up parents and how their offspring would appear. You can see that each parent is a heterozygous pair. This square was about the flys wing length. The punett square shows the offspring and what the chances of them are to have long wings. So we have one dominant (LL), two heterozygous (Ll), and one homozygous recessive (ll) so the outcome is 3 to 1.

I really enjoyed these labs they were alot of fun and showed me how are genes contribute to every little thing that makes us an individual. These labs gave me a better understanding of dominant and recessive traits as well. This was an all in all fun lab!

Compendium Review Topic One Cells!

Basic Charecteristics of Life:

Life- needs energy, reproduces, grows and develops, maintains stable condition, responds to stimulus, organized because it has evolved.

*Cells are basic and fundemental unit of life, 1st life was cellular

Molecules of Life:

*Carbohydrates- made of simple sugars, function is energy

*Proteins- made of amino acids, function is catalyze reactions

*Fats- made of fatty acids, function cell membranes

*DNA/RNA- made of nucleotides (bases), function information

*Carbohydrates are stored in a complez form, broken down into simple sugars to fuel cellular metabolism in Mitochondria. (p. 29 text)

*Proteins are very complicated, amino acid chain folds ip to give complex form allowing catalyzing for very specific chemical reactions.

*Fats/Lipids are fundemental to life and the orgins seperate cell interior from enviroment as the cell membrane

*DNA/RNA store and use information made of nucleotides or bases (A,C,T/U,G) DNA molecules can be millions of bases long, DNA duplicates to pass on information

http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/gentherp/genIB2.html

Cells as a Fundemental Unit:

2 types of cells:

*prokaryotic- simple, small, no organelles with molecules of life distributed throughout cytoplasm *Bacteria*

*Eukaryotic- complex, big 100x prokaryotic, internally organized with membrane bound organelles, multi cellular organisms *plants, humans*

Prokaryotic- cell membrane, small ribosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Eukaryotic- cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, large ribosomes, internal membrane

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Nucleus- Command center, planning department, central library *city hall

Plasma Membrane- walls around outerboundary of cell allowing compartments to co-exist happily *homeostasis

Lysosomes- Waste disposal recycles and reuses broken down compartments

Vesicles- transportation

Cytoskeleton- series of fibrous proteins that help organize, structure and orient the cells. *roads and routes*

Mitochondria- *Power station*

Rough ER- studded with ribosomes to make protein

Smooth ER- aids in making carbs and lipids

Golgi Apparatus- flattened stacks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from ER

Flagella/Cilia- movement in the cell, made of microtubules (city cell tour)

Cell Metabolism:

*cellular respiration- occurs in mitochondria, production of ATP in a cell, glucose main enery molecule

*Fermentation- occurs in cytoplasm doesnt require oxygen, invlolves glycolysis, makes 2 ATP, important for humans as a burts of energy for a short amount of time

Cells organized into Tissue:

Tissue is a collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function.

*Epithelial- group of cells that form a tight continuous network, lines body cavity, covers body surface, found in glands, anchored by a basement membrane on one side the other side is free, named after appearance of cell layers and shape *transitional epithelial that changes in appearance in response to tension

*Connective- binds and supports body parts, specialized cells, ground substance and protein fibers, ground substance is noncellular and ranges from solid to fluid, ground substance and protein make a matrix tissue.

*3 types fibrous, supportive, fluid; they all hold things together such as tendons, bone, cartilage, support blood vessels, nerves, cell population in bone marrow and blood.

*Muscle allows movement in body, make of muscle fibers, cells, and protein fibers called actin and myosin *3 types skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

*Nervous- contains nerve cells, support, protect, and provide nutrients to neurons

http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/hie/2/8682.htm

Online Microscope Lab

In 1595 Zacharias Jansssen invented the first microscope. It is said that his father Hans may have made the first but Zach took over the production of microscopes. The first microscope was a tube with lenses at eachend. They only magnified to 3x or 9x. By 1660 a man Robert Hooke was able to improve many aspects of the microscope. He was able to use bark from an oak tree to show the features of plant tissue. In 1667 He discovered the role of oxygenation in the respiratory system. Anton van Leeuwenhoek built the best microscopes of his time. He was the first person to be able to describe bacteria, protozoans, and helped to prove the theory of blood circulation. Today we have came a long way from the first microscopes. We have different kinds for different purposes. (southwestschools.org)

Compound- light illuminated, images two dimensional, most common microscope used, high magnification, however low resolution

Dissection- light illuminated, images three dimensional, used for dissection to get a better look at larger specimen, cannont see individual cells because of low magnification

Scanning Electron Microscope- electron illumintation, images seen in 3D, high magnification and resolution, pictures are in black and white

Transmission Electron Microscope- electron illuminated, images seen in 2D, high magnification and resolution (southwestschools.org)

Here is a picture of the Compound Microscope

Stage- Platform where the slide is placed for examination

Course Adjustment Knob- The larger knob on the side of microscope, it is used to focus on the specimen, always focus using this knob first, moves fast while looking at stage

Fine Adjustment Knob- smaller knob on side of microscope, used to fine-tune your speciman after using course adjustment knob, moves slower looking in Oculars

Iris- Adjusts brightness known as illuminator, gives you control of the amount of light on speciman looking in oculars

Oculars-look through to see speciman

Objectives- 3 or 4 lenses that magnify at different powers, always start at the lowest power usually the shortest lense and work your way up to the stronger powers.

Below is a slide of onion root:

During this lab I have seen how much mircoscopes have impacted us in our health field. This lab has been very helpful to me because I have struggled in the past using a microscope and this has broken everything down for me step by step. Now I would feel comfortable going into a class or a lab to use a microscope. I would encourage students to do this lab and visit the southwestschools.org website this website shows the different microscopes and what they are used for.

Unit 1 Lab Project: Build a Cell

This is a model of a cell using different fruits and candies to show the different parts of the cell and what they do. In this cell model you should be able to see the cell membrane, nucleus including the nuclear envelope and nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum rough with ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum smooth, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, mithochondria, cilia, and flagella. I will also be including a step by step process of protein assembly through DNA transcription and translation and the process of mitosis.

Just starting cell membrane outer layer

of watermelon, cytoplasm red part, nucleus

green melon, nuclear envelope lining of melon,and nucleolus apricot pit.

This picture shows the cell as a whole.

Rough ER- Sour Gummy worms sugar represents ribosomes

Smooth ER- Regular Gummy worms

Golgi Apparatus- Layered stack of green taffy
Mitochondria- Dried up apricots orange in color

Lysosomes- watermelon seeds black in color

Vesicles- Yogurt covered raisons white in color

Cilia/Flagella- Twizzlers pull and peel red in color

Above you see the basic structure of a cell. The nucleus command center of the cell, cell membrane outer layer of cell allowing compartments to co-exist happily, mitochondria power house of the cell, golgi apparatus process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from ER, smooth ER aids in making carbs and lipids, rough ER aids in making proteins, lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, vesicles used for transports, cilia and flagella aid in movement in the cell.

The first picture above show the DNA in the nucleus in the double helix form then as you can see to the right the DNA strands are pulled apart the DNA information is being copied (transcribed) into mRNA. In the 2nd picture mRNA is leaving the nucleus and attaching itself onto a ribosome (sour gummy worm). Tranlation begins tRNA anticodons recognize mRNA codons, bringing in the correct amino acids into position on the growing polypeptide chain.

In the 3rd picture you can see as the ribosome keeps moving more amino acids are added (peanuts). Finally at the end of mRNA the ribosome releases the new protein

The pictures above are showing the Mitosis. It is important that cells divide so tissues and strucures can grow, be replaced, and repaired. The first picture shows prophase this is where the chromosomes condense and are visible, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disapear and the spindle forms. In the second picture this is metaphase where the chromosomes align along the center of the cell.

In this third picture above anaphase is happening where sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell. In the fourth picture it is showing telephase and cytokinesis in this phase the nuclear envelope begins to reassemble around the two daughter nuclei. Chromosomes decondense and spindle appears. Division of cytoplasm into two cells!

This lab has really helped me fully understand the cell and its compartments. Before this lab I really didn't understand how the DNA replication process worked and this lab really helped me put it into persepective. I think that the hands on part of this lab really makes you think of each part of the cell and what its function is and how it contributes to the other compartments. I really enjoyed this lab and found it very helpfull!

INTRO BIO 156

Hello everyone!! My name is Andrea Thorbecke and I am excited about this summer course!!:) My favorite artist is Selena I think she was an amazing singer and person! I am taking this class to become more aware of how our body functions and to get ready for Bio 201. I am hoping this class will benefit me in Bio 201 and 202. I hope to achieve a better viewpoint on how are bodies funtion everyday! Three things about me are I love children, I love the outdoors, and my family means the world to me!! I don't have any children of my own but alot of nieces and nephews to keep me busy!! I have been with my boyfriend for seven years. I am very outgoing and am always up for an adventure!!